更新時(shí)間：2021-05-31 05:00:47作者：admin2
被動語態(tài)的用法
一 概念：當(dāng)句子的主語是動作的執(zhí)行時(shí)，謂語的形式叫主動語態(tài)；
當(dāng)句子的主語是動作的承受者時(shí)，謂語的形式叫做被動語態(tài)。
二 構(gòu)成“助動詞be+過去分詞”主動詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，也可以構(gòu)成否定或疑問句。
不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)例句
The Great Wall is known all over the world.
This city was liberated in 1948.
The matter will be discussed tomorrow.
The question is being discussed at present.
The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.
The bridge has been built this month
The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema
He said the book would be returned as soon as he finished it.
三、 用法：
1 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者;
2 只知道動作的承受者，不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者；
3 論述科技內(nèi)容的文體需要強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性和科學(xué)性。
四、不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie，remain, sit, spread, stand。
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place。
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。
(錯) The price has been risen.
(對) The price has risen.
(錯) The accident was happened last week.
(對) The accident happened last week.
(錯) The price has raised.
(對) The price has been raised.
(錯) Please seat.
(對) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。
五、 不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
六、 系動詞無被動語態(tài)：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
1） It sounds good.
2）The steel feels cold
3) The method proved (to be ) effective.
七、 帶同源賓語的及物動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動語態(tài)：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
八、當(dāng)賓語是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動語態(tài)。
(對) She likes to swim.
(錯) To swim is liked by her.
九、“be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動語態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”表示動作時(shí)為被動語態(tài)，be是助動詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要動詞，動作的對象是主語；當(dāng)“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：
1．如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The glass is brok． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被動語態(tài)）
2．如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，一般為被動語態(tài)。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai．這家雜志出版于上海。（被動語態(tài)）
The door is locked． 門鎖著。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The door has already/just been locked．門已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。（被動語態(tài)）
The shop is opened．這家商店開門了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開門。（被動語態(tài)
3．被動語態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。
所以下列句子都是被動語態(tài)：
The machine is being repaired． 機(jī)器正在修。
A new school will be built here． 這里將要建一所新學(xué)校。
十、用某些不及物動詞表示被動意義，如carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。這類動詞既能作及物動詞，也能作不及物動詞。作不及物動詞時(shí)，形式上雖為主動，卻表示被動意義。例如：
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。
His novel sells well.他的小說暢銷。
The car drove easily.這車很容易開。
Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的筆寫起來很滑。
在上述句子中，主語通常指物，起動作承受者的作用，也可以說是不及物動詞的邏輯賓語。但是有時(shí)也有用人稱主語的。例如：
The girl does not photograph well.這女孩不上像。
比較：The girl has not been photographed well.這女孩的照片沒拍好。
十一、某些感覺動詞的主動態(tài)表示被動意義。例如：
This shirt feels much softer than that one.
這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多
That book smells old.那本書有一股霉味。
These oranges taste nice.這些橙子味道很好。
以上這些動詞都不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。若用進(jìn)行時(shí)，則表示主動含義。
比較：The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在聞油漆的氣味。
十二、動詞get,come,go之后接過去分詞，表示被動意義。get的這種用法局限于口語和非正式的書面語言，更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果而非動作本身，并常用來表示突發(fā)性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意義的過去分詞。例如： After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地?zé)o私地干了好幾年，終于得到提升。
They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.
由于節(jié)日交通阻塞，他們被耽誤了。
The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松開了。
The woman”s complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投訴無人理睬。
十三、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中，動名詞(doing)相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動式(to be done)，在意思上沒有多大差別。例如：
The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花園需要澆水。
The problem requires studying with great care.The problem requires to be studied with great care.這個問題需要仔細(xì)研究。
These jobs want doing at once.These jobs want to be done at once.這些工作需要馬上就做。
用法相似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,習(xí)慣不用動詞不定式。如： That won”t bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。
The little girl can”t stand criticizing.小女孩經(jīng)不起批評。
The food is not worth eating.這種飯菜不值一吃。
It”s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.
很值得花一番功夫去學(xué)會怎么做這事。
值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用動名詞的主動式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用動詞不定式的被動式，兩者不可混淆。
十四、在某些性質(zhì)形容詞＋動詞不定式的句型中，其動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。（difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe, dangerous）例如：
The question is easy to answer.這問題容易回答。
That book is difficult to understand.那本書難懂。
在這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是一種邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，可以說是動詞不定式作主語變換來的，相當(dāng)于It”s easy to answer the question.和It”s difficult to understand that book.由于把動詞賓語放在主語位置，所以和不定式的關(guān)系構(gòu)成一種被動關(guān)系。
7、有些動詞不定式不論用主動形式還是被動形式，動詞不定式和主語的關(guān)系都是被動的。例如：
Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.
這個事故，誰也不能責(zé)怪。
The house is to let (to be let).這房子出租。
There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有許多書要讀。
Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽車出租。
被動語態(tài)的應(yīng)用
應(yīng)用到各種時(shí)態(tài)和句型,如下：
① 一般式（一般現(xiàn)在，一般過去，一般將來）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“環(huán)境一旦遭到破壞，需要多年時(shí)間才能恢復(fù)過來。”do作為及物動詞有“引起，產(chǎn)生”的含義，do damage的意思是“造成破壞”。主語damage是及物動詞do的動作對象，謂語應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動語態(tài)。同樣的，還有，I will mend the machine.相當(dāng)于The machine will be mended （by me）.
②進(jìn)行時(shí)（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行、過去進(jìn)行、將來進(jìn)行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.
③ 完成時(shí)（現(xiàn)在完成、過去完成、將來完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
④ 其他時(shí)態(tài) 以此類推，可得到結(jié)果。
⑤ 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：主語 + 情態(tài)動詞 + be動詞 + 動詞過去分詞，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
⑥ 不定式的被動語態(tài)：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（確定超過接待能力的預(yù)定時(shí)必須考慮預(yù)定了房間卻來不了的客人。）
被動語態(tài)的用法
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被動語態(tài)：to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
8.過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：would + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 He said he would finish the work soon. He said the work would be finished soon by him.